LEADERSHIP

Good leadership is of primary importance in that it provides the motivating force which leads to coordinated action and unity of effort.

Three Basic Elements of Leadership (Hollander)

1. Leader – including his or her personality, perceptions and abilities
2. Followers – with their personalities, perceptions and abilitie
3. Situation – within which the leader and followers function, including formal and informal group norms, size and density.
   

Types of Leadership:

• Formal
• Informal

Styles of Leadership:

• Autocratic – Self-centered

- “I”
- Productivity is usually high, but creativity, self-motivation and autonomy are reduced.
- It is useful in crisis situations.
- The control is maintained over the work group. The decision making does not involve others.
- People are motivated by coercion some are directed with commands.
- The communication flows downward. Criticism is punitive.

• Democratic – People-Oriented

- “We”
- It is appropriate to groups who work together for extended periods, promotes autonomy and growth in individual workers.
- Economic and ego awards are used as motivation. People are directed through suggestions and guidance.
- Communication flows up and down. Thus, decision making involves others
- Criticism is constructive.

• Bureaucratic – Rule-Centered

- “They”

• Laissez-faire – Permissive

- “You”
- It is permissive with or no little control.
- Motivates by support when requested by the groups or individuals.
- Provides little or no direction.
- It does not criticize.